City Enforcement Operations and Fatal Shootings

Updated2026-11-09 Covers2025-01-20 to 2026-11-07

Summary

Starting in mid-2025 the administration sent large groups of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Border Patrol agents into cities. The main cities were Los Angeles, Chicago and Minneapolis. Sometimes National Guard or active-duty troops went with them.¹,²,³,⁴,⁵ Agents killed two U.S. citizens, Renée Good and Alex Pretti, in Minneapolis in January 2026.⁶,⁷ The Trace lists 32 incidents from Mar 15, 2025 to Oct 8, 2026 in which immigration agents fired at people away from the border. Those shootings killed 9 people and wounded 15, by that count. The ledger’s Nov 8, 2026 count finds 41 other uses of force, not shootings, that led to charges, investigations, lawsuits or court findings.⁹¹,⁹⁹,¹³⁰ In several shootings, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) first described the person shot as the attacker. Reuters and others reported video that contradicted DHS.⁸ No killing has led to a criminal charge. No one has been charged under the federal civil-rights law that makes it a crime for officials to willfully take away a person’s constitutional rights (18 U.S.C. §242).⁹¹,¹¹¹,¹¹³ The Justice Department (DOJ) called state arrests of federal agents “illegal and futile.”⁹⁵ It stopped sharing evidence with Minnesota.¹⁰⁹ County prosecutors have charged three agents.¹⁰⁸,⁶¹,¹¹² Courts limited tear gas and limited arrests made without warrants or at courthouses.⁹,⁶⁸,⁶⁹ The Minneapolis surge ended in February 2026.¹¹

Background

Interior immigration enforcement means enforcement away from the border. It had mainly consisted of targeted ICE arrests. Executive Order 14159 (Jan 20, 2025) changed that. An executive order is a written order from the President to the agencies he runs; it is not a law passed by Congress. This order cancelled the earlier rules on whom to arrest first. It directed officials to approve 287(g) agreements⁷⁴, which let local police act as immigration officers. It expanded expedited removal, a fast deportation process without a hearing before a judge, and expanded detention. It also directed that “sanctuary” jurisdictions “do not receive access to Federal funds.” Sanctuary jurisdictions are places that limit their help with federal immigration enforcement.⁶⁵ The same day, Trump revoked the order that had created DOJ’s National Law Enforcement Accountability Database. That database held records of misconduct by federal officers, and DOJ shut it down.¹⁵³ In 2025 the administration also sent Border Patrol agents to do street-level enforcement inside cities. Their leader was commander-at-large Gregory Bovino.¹³ Several operations began over the objections of governors and mayors. Some came with National Guard or active-duty troops (see Domestic Troop Deployments).¹,² Three sets of legal limits applied. The first was the Fourth Amendment⁷¹, which protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. Under the Supreme Court case Payton v. New York⁷², officers need a warrant to enter a home without consent to make a routine arrest, unless there is an emergency (called exigent circumstances). The second was the law on use of force. The third was the law that lets the President put a state’s National Guard under federal control, 10 U.S.C. § 12406⁷³.¹⁴,¹ In Minneapolis, fewer than a quarter of those arrested had a criminal conviction. In New Orleans, the AP found that fewer than one-third of the records for the first 38 arrests showed a criminal history.¹⁵,¹⁶

What happened

Los Angeles

Federal officers detained David Huerta, president of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) California, at a June 6, 2025 raid. Prosecutors later reduced his felony charge to a misdemeanor, a less serious crime, and dismissed it on Jul 27, 2026.¹²⁶ On June 7 Trump put 2,000 (later 4,000) California Guard troops under federal command. Gov. Gavin Newsom objected. Since 1965, California’s lawsuit said, no state’s Guard had been activated without its governor’s request. On June 9, as 700 Marines were ordered in, Trump posted “BRING IN THE TROOPS!!!”¹,¹⁷ A farmworker died after falling from a roof while running from a July 10 raid on a greenhouse in Camarillo. George Retes, a U.S. citizen and disabled Army veteran, was held three days without charges after that raid. In February 2026 he sued under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA)⁹⁰. That law lets people seek money from the United States when federal workers harm them.¹⁸,¹²⁷ On Sept 8 the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 on its emergency docket, where it decides urgent requests quickly, often without full argument. In Noem v. Vasquez Perdomo⁷⁵, it paused a lower-court order. That order had barred “roving patrol” stops based on apparent ethnicity, language, location or job.¹⁹ On Sept 10 Judge Hernán Vera issued an injunction, a court order that stops something. It barred less-lethal munitions and chemical agents aimed at reporters, observers and protesters (Los Angeles Press Club v. Noem⁷⁷). On Apr 1, 2026, the Ninth Circuit appeals court cancelled the order as too broad and sent the case back to the judge. But it held that the plaintiffs were likely to win their retaliation claims under the First Amendment⁷⁶, which protects speech, the press and protest.⁶⁶,²¹⁰ Back in the lower court, Vera certified a class of everyone who records DHS immigration operations in the district (Jun 25, 2026).²⁵⁶ On Jul 10 he issued a narrower injunction for seven Southern California counties. It bars DHS from using force to stop the plaintiffs from watching, recording or reporting on immigration operations, unless they are blocking operations, damaging property or in a crowd posing an immediate threat. The plaintiffs include members of the L.A. Press Club and NewsGuild.²⁵⁷

ProPublica counts 101 California citizens detained by federal agents.¹⁷¹ One case came during the Southern California surge, at a Montebello tow yard. Agents asked Jason Gavidia whether he was American “at least three times.” They released him only after he showed his REAL ID, which they kept. This account comes from Justice Sotomayor’s dissent in Vasquez Perdomo. Javier Ramirez was arrested at his family’s car lot in Montebello on Jun 12. He was held four days before the case against him was dropped. A citizen detained in Bell on Jun 20 was held about 70 hours. Andrea Velez says she was held two days after her Jun 24 arrest, and 24 hours of it without anything to drink. An assault charge against her was dropped.²¹¹,²¹²,²¹³,²¹⁴ On Jun 17, agents grabbed Walmart worker Adrian Martinez, 20, by the neck in Pico Rivera. He was later indicted, or formally charged, for blocking agents with a trash can. Angel Piña was tackled and hospitalized in Ontario on Jul 21. Car-wash owner Rafie Shouhed, 79, was knocked down twice in Van Nuys on Sept 9. He says he was then held about 12 hours without his medication or a phone call. DHS says he interfered.²¹⁵,²¹⁶,²¹⁷ Ramirez and Piña are among three Californians who had sued immigration officers under the state’s new No Kings Act by Oct 2, 2026 (see Investigations and the federal response below).¹⁷² On Nov 6–7, 2026, agents blocked the emergency-room entrance of White Memorial hospital in Boyle Heights for hours. Ambulances were sent to other hospitals for about two hours. Video shows agents appearing to pepper-spray people on the sidewalk and one agent tackling a man, and at least two people were detained. DHS declined to comment on the incident but said “ICE does not target hospitals, schools, or churches.” No charges or investigation had been reported as of Nov 8.²⁵²

Chicago: Operation Midway Blitz

Trump posted that “Chicago is about to find out why it’s called the Department of WAR,” and two days later the operation began, on Sept 8. Gov. JB Pritzker got no notice.²⁰,² On Sept 12 an ICE agent killed Silverio Villegas González at a traffic stop. DHS said he had dragged and “seriously injured” an agent. But Franklin Park police body-camera video recorded the agent calling his injuries “nothing major.”²¹ Franklin Park says it has received no findings from the FBI. On May 5, 2026 Illinois State Police opened their own investigation.²³ On Oct 4 Border Patrol agent Charles Exum shot U.S. citizen Marimar Martinez five times. DHS called her a “domestic terrorist” and DOJ charged her. But according to CBS Chicago and WTTW, body-camera video contradicted the government’s account. Exum texted “I fired 5 shots and she had 7 holes,” and the case was dismissed with prejudice on Nov 20. That means it cannot be brought again.²² After a judge ordered the footage released in February 2026, Exum was placed on administrative leave. Martinez filed an FTCA suit on Oct 5, 2026.¹¹⁷

On Oct 9 Judge April Perry barred sending any Guard units into Illinois for 14 days. The Seventh Circuit appeals court kept the deployment blocked. It wrote, “Political opposition is not rebellion.” The Supreme Court denied the government’s emergency request on Dec 23⁷⁹.²⁴,²²⁹,²⁵ Judge Sara Ellis’s Oct 9 order limited tear gas. It also required warnings and body cameras. An Oct 28 clarification required agents to show visible ID.⁹ Agents used tear gas in Old Irving Park and Avondale on Oct 25, after the order took effect. There, the state commission found, agents threw a 67-year-old driver to the ground and tackled a woman. Both had broken ribs.¹⁰,¹⁵² On Nov 6 Ellis announced a preliminary injunction, a court order that stops something until the case is decided. She said she would find that the agents’ force “shocks the conscience.” She also said Bovino “admitted that he lied.” Her 233-page written ruling was reported Nov 21. The Seventh Circuit paused the injunction on Nov 19 as too broad.²⁶,²⁷ On Jan 22, 2026 Ellis decertified the class, ending the case as a class action, which is a lawsuit for a whole group of people. She dismissed Chicago Headline Club v. Noem without prejudice, meaning it could be filed again. The plaintiffs had asked for this. They said “it appears that Operation Midway Blitz has ended.”²³⁰,¹⁶³ On Mar 5 a three-judge Seventh Circuit panel issued an unsigned opinion (Chief Judge Brennan and Judge Scudder). It granted the government’s request to cancel the Nov 6 injunction, which the dismissal had made moot, meaning it no longer mattered. It also dismissed the appeal. It found “extraordinary circumstances” because the district court had granted “an overbroad, constitutionally suspect injunction” that “impermissibly infringes on separation of powers principles.” Judge Easterbrook disagreed. He wrote that “a losing party’s decision not to pursue an appeal does not support or permit vacatur.” Vacatur means cancelling a ruling.¹⁶³ So the findings that agents’ force “shocks the conscience” and that Bovino lied were never reviewed on their merits by an appeals court.¹⁶³ Judge Jeffrey Cummings found 22 arrests unlawful under the 2022 Castañon Nava consent decree⁷⁸. That is a court-approved agreement that limits ICE arrests without warrants. Cummings extended the decree (Oct 7). On Nov 13 he ordered hundreds of people held in the blitz released under alternatives to detention. On May 5, 2026 the Seventh Circuit upheld the extension but reversed the blanket release order.⁶⁷,¹⁹²,¹⁹³ On Nov 5 Judge Robert Gettleman ordered basic conditions at the Broadview holding site (see Detention and Deaths in Custody).²⁸

The Illinois Accountability Commission later found reasonable cause to believe agents used excessive force in several incidents. On Oct 10 agents pulled U.S. citizen Dayanne Figueroa from her car by her legs (no charge was filed). On Oct 14 there was a chase at 70 mph that a supervisor had ordered stopped. Agents then used tear gas on residents and Chicago police. On Oct 31 in Evanston, agents punched and choked a bystander and threw an attorney to the pavement. On Nov 2 in Melrose Park, an agent pepper-sprayed and punched a 54-year-old man.¹⁰¹,¹⁰²,¹⁰³,¹⁰⁴ The commission found that agents threw tear gas outside Funston Elementary on Oct 3 without any order to leave being heard. It also found a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agent recorded in Lakeview on Oct 24 saying “Throw it for fun.”¹⁰⁰,¹⁹⁰,¹⁹¹ Six Broadview protesters, including congressional candidate Kat Abughazaleh, were indicted for conspiring to impede, or block, an agent. A grand jury, a group of citizens who decide whether there is enough evidence to charge someone, approved the indictment.¹⁰⁷ On Apr 29, 2026, Judge Perry held a hearing on the grand-jury transcripts. Moments into it, prosecutors dropped the indictment. They said they would pursue misdemeanors in a separate charging document.¹⁹⁵ Prosecutors disclosed misconduct involving the grand jury. Judge Perry said it included “substantive” contacts with grand jurors outside the room. On May 21, 2026 U.S. Attorney Andrew Boutros dismissed the remaining charges with prejudice, so they cannot be brought again.¹⁰⁷,¹⁹⁶

ProPublica counts 127 Illinois citizens detained. Noem said in Gary, Ind., on Oct 30, 2025, “There’s no American citizens that have been arrested or detained.”¹⁷⁵,²²⁵ On Oct 3 Ald. Jessie Fuentes was handcuffed after she asked whether agents at a Humboldt Park hospital had a judicial warrant. DHS said this was not an arrest. About a dozen protesters, including a township official, were also detained in Broadview’s designated free-speech zone. On Oct 7 agents used pepper spray, pepper balls and physical force on four Forest Park cemetery workers. The workers had tried to help a man in the river. Agents held them for hours, and no one was charged. On Oct 23 ICE and the U.S. Marshals forced their way into a home in Gary. They held three children there who are citizens and whose parents are undocumented.¹⁷⁵,²²⁶,²²⁷,²²⁸ In fall 2025 agents scanned the face of Jesus Gutiérrez, 23, with the Mobile Fortify app. He had no ID with him. Reveal reports that agents handcuffed him and scanned his face. Then one agent said “He does got papers” (as Gutiérrez recalled), and they drove him around for about an hour.¹⁷⁵

Other city operations

The Sept 15, 2025 “Memphis Safe Task Force” had the support of Republican Gov. Bill Lee. MLK50/ProPublica found that of its 800+ immigration arrestees, about 2% were also arrested for violent crimes.³²,³³ NPR counts five task-force shootings, four of them fatal. One was a Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) agent’s May 20, 2026 killing of Jonah Neal, 25, after his mother called 911 during a mental-health crisis. His death certificate lists homicide by gunshot. In July all five shootings were under review by the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation.⁹³,⁹⁴ Tennessee National Guard members on patrol with the task force also fatally shot Tyrin Johnson, 20. On Nov 2, 2026 the district attorney released video of the moments after the shooting, though not of the shooting itself. An autopsy report shared by his family found he was shot in the back. That conflicts with police and Guard accounts that he faced the soldiers with a gun. The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation is still investigating, and the district attorney has not decided whether to file charges.²⁵⁹

On Sept 27, 2025 Trump ordered troops to “war ravaged” Portland to protect ICE facilities. Judge Karin Immergut, whom Trump appointed, blocked the deployment (Oct 4–5). After a trial, she permanently barred it (Nov 7).²⁹,³¹,²¹⁹,²²⁰,³⁰,²²¹ On Jan 8, 2026 a Border Patrol agent shot two Venezuelans in a clinic parking lot. DHS said the driver “weaponized his vehicle,” and Oregon’s attorney general opened a state investigation. Prosecutors disclosed that the six agents involved had no body-camera footage.¹²⁴ Judges Michael Simon (Feb 3) and Amy Baggio (Mar 6) limited tear gas and munitions at the ICE facility. The Ninth Circuit paused both orders. It called Simon’s order “grossly overbroad and unworkable.”¹²⁵,²⁴⁴,²⁴⁵,²⁴⁶ On Feb 20, 2026, Judge Ann Aiken (D. Or.) in Eugene granted a preliminary injunction from the bench. Her written opinion followed on Mar 2, and the order bars DHS from enforcing one part of its federal-building protection rules. Since November 2025, that part has banned “loud or unusual noise.”” The order covers only the public sidewalks around the Eugene Federal Building. The plaintiffs, Chloe Longworth and Anna Lardner, protest outside the building’s ICE office. They said the rule “has led to them being targeted.”¹⁶⁹ Aiken found the challenge likely to succeed because of “the lack of an objective standard in the Noise Provision.” The government’s evidence was statements by Internal Revenue Service (IRS) employees that noise disrupted their dealings with taxpayers. Aiken found that evidence subjective and general. The government argued that the rule reaches only noise that is a “nuisance.” It said the rule balances protest against keeping government services running. Aiken wrote that the order “is not nationwide, nor district-wide, or even city-wide.”¹⁶⁹ ProPublica counts 41 Oregon citizens detained. Most were protest arrests at the Portland ICE building. Others include a McMinnville 17-year-old who recorded agents breaking his car window on Nov 21, 2025. He said “I’m a U.S. citizen” and an agent replied “I don’t care,” his recording shows. Another is a Salem union member pulled from her car on Jan 29, 2026, and her union says agents demanded her papers. DHS accused the McMinnville teen and another citizen of obstructing officers.¹⁷⁶,²²³,²²⁴

During a federal surge in Washington, D.C. that began in August 2025, HSI agents fired at Phillip Brown, an unarmed U.S. citizen, on Oct 17. His charge for fleeing was dismissed, and the police affidavit, a sworn statement, left out the shooting.¹³⁷ HSI agents also fired at Justin Bryant Nelson on Nov 13.¹⁴¹

“Operation Charlotte’s Web” began Nov 15. DHS says it made 370+ arrests in a week. About 20% of Charlotte-Mecklenburg students stayed home on Nov 17. Agents pulled Willy Aceituno, a naturalized citizen, through his car window. He filed a $1.25 million FTCA claim.³,²³³,²³²,¹³⁴ Border Patrol also detained other Latino citizens in North Carolina. One was landscaping-business owner Yoshi Cuenca Villamar in Charlotte. Agents looked at his license and “did not believe it was real” before releasing him at the roadside. Another was Cary 18-year-old Fernando Vasquez. Agents drove him two miles and dropped him off on Nov 18. DHS called claims of profiling “disgusting, reckless and categorically FALSE.”¹⁷⁷,²³⁴ New Orleans’ “Catahoula Crunch” (from Dec 3) had a reported target of 5,000 arrests. It made about 560.⁴

Minneapolis: Operation Metro Surge

On Dec 2, 2025 Trump called Somali immigrants “garbage” as CNN reported a planned ICE operation aimed at Somalis. The administration pointed to fraud cases in Minnesota’s social-services programs.³⁴ DHS said the surge began Dec 1, and it grew to about 3,000 officers.⁵ Records released under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which lets the public request government records, showed 3,789 arrests. Fewer than a quarter of those arrested had a criminal conviction.¹⁵,³⁴

On Jan 7, 2026 ICE agent Jonathan Ross fired three shots through Renée Good’s car (PBS reported “at least two”). Video from a bystander and from Ross’s own phone shows her backing up briefly. Then she turns away as he fires.⁶ Trump said the driver “viciously ran over the ICE Officer,” and DHS called the shooting self-defense. Mayor Jacob Frey called the self-defense claim “garbage.”⁶ On Jan 8 the FBI cut off the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension’s access to evidence. DOJ officials told prosecutors to replace a judge-signed warrant for Good’s car. The new warrant was to treat her as a domestic terrorist.³⁵ More than a dozen prosecutors resigned. They included former acting U.S. Attorney Joseph Thompson. According to the New York Times, he objected to the push to investigate Good’s widow.³⁶ DOJ said it had no plans to investigate Ross. It opened a probe of Gov. Tim Walz and Frey for alleged conspiracy to impede federal officers. On Jan 20 it sent subpoenas, which are legal orders to hand over documents or testify. They went to Walz, Frey, Attorney General Keith Ellison, St. Paul’s mayor and Hennepin County Attorney Mary Moriarty. Chief Judge Patrick Schiltz quashed, or cancelled, the subpoenas. His order, made public Jun 22, called them “a blatantly unlawful and unethical use” of the grand jury.³⁷,¹²¹ On Jan 13 agents smashed the window of Aliya Rahman, a disabled, autistic U.S. citizen, and carried her from her car. She filed an FTCA claim on Apr 16.¹²³,²⁰⁷ On Jan 14 an agent shot Julio César Sosa-Celis. DHS had said he and another man attacked the officer with a snow shovel and a broom handle. Reuters reported that two videos contradicted the agents’ sworn account.⁸ On Feb 13 the court dismissed the assault charges against him and Alfredo Alejandro Aljorna with prejudice. U.S. Attorney Daniel Rosen had cited “newly discovered evidence” that was “materially inconsistent” with the sworn statement behind the charges. Acting ICE Director Todd Lyons said two officers had given “untruthful statements” in sworn testimony. Both were on administrative leave.¹⁵⁸ On Jan 15 Trump said he could invoke the Insurrection Act⁸⁰. That law lets the President use the military inside the United States in a rebellion or when laws cannot be enforced otherwise. On Jan 18 the Pentagon put up to 1,500 soldiers on standby.³⁸ On Jan 16 Judge Katherine Menendez barred arrests of peaceful observers in retaliation, and force against them. The Eighth Circuit paused her order Jan 26, and she ended it as moot Apr 8.¹²² A general strike on Jan 23 drew tens of thousands of people.³⁹

On Jan 24 two officers killed Alex Pretti, an ICU nurse who was filming them. One was a Border Patrol agent, and the other was an officer from the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Office of Field Operations. Four news outlets verified a video of the shooting. It shows an agent removing Pretti’s lawfully carried handgun about a second before agents fired at least 10 shots.⁷ KPBS attributes to Bovino the statement that Pretti sought to “massacre” law enforcement. Trump called Pretti “an agitator and, perhaps, insurrectionist.”⁴⁰,¹²⁰,¹³,²⁴¹ By Jan 25 HSI was leading the investigation, with the FBI assisting. HSI is part of DHS, like the agents who fired. On Jan 30 then-Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche announced a Justice Department civil-rights probe.¹²⁰,²⁴¹ The day of the killing, Attorney General Pam Bondi wrote to Walz. She demanded that Minnesota repeal its sanctuary policies and hand over state voter, Medicaid and food-assistance records.⁴¹

ProPublica lists 78 Minnesota citizens detained. In August 2026 acting ICE Director David Venturella wrote to Reps. Ilhan Omar and Angie Craig. He told them that 131 citizens were arrested during the surge for “assaulting, obstructing or interfering,” and ProPublica could catalog fewer than 100 of them. El Cronista, citing the letter, reported that 44 of the 131 arrests were accepted for prosecution.¹⁷⁸,¹⁷⁹ Mubashir Hussen, 20, says that on Dec 9, 2025, he was chased, choked and arrested on his lunch break in Cedar-Riverside. DHS confirmed it “temporarily detained” him. On Jan 14, 2026 agents entered Jeyli Salguero’s home in Oakdale without a judicial warrant and held her at gunpoint. Mdewakanton Dakota citizen Sophie Watso was held more than 48 hours at the Whipple federal building and the Sherburne County Jail (Jan 14–16). She was released without charges.²³⁵,²³⁶,²³⁷ On Jan 18 agents forced their way into the St. Paul home of citizen ChongLy “Scott” Thao without a judicial warrant. They held him at gunpoint and took him outside in his underwear in subfreezing weather. They brought him back after a couple of hours, after checking his ID. DHS said agents were looking for two convicted sex offenders linked to the property.¹⁸² The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the class action Hussen v. Noem on Jan 15, and it claims that agents racially profiled Somali and Latino Minnesotans. It also claims they made arrests without warrants and without probable cause, the legal standard of good reason for an arrest. On Mar 9 Judge Eric Tostrud denied a preliminary injunction and class certification. He ruled on standing, which is the right to bring a case.¹⁸⁰,¹⁸¹ The plaintiffs then dropped the case so they could first pursue damage claims with DHS, and the court dismissed it without prejudice on Jun 18. The ACLU says it will return to federal court.²⁵⁵

Shootings and other force elsewhere

An HSI agent killed U.S. citizen Ruben Ray Martinez on South Padre Island, Texas, on Mar 15, 2025. AP later identified the agent as Jack C. Stevens. ICE’s role was not public until the group American Oversight obtained records in February 2026.⁴²,¹¹³ Agents fired at or into vehicles in Black Forest, Colo. (Jul 31), San Bernardino (Aug 16), Phoenix (Oct 29), Ontario, Calif. (Oct 30), St. Paul (Dec 21), Glen Burnie, Md. (Dec 24), Willowbrook, Calif. (Jan 21, 2026), Patterson, Calif. (Apr 7) and Stafford Township, N.J. (Jun 15). In each case, DHS or prosecutors said the driver drove at or struck agents.¹³⁵,¹³⁶,¹³⁹,¹⁴⁰,¹⁴³,¹⁴⁴,¹⁴⁵,¹⁴⁷,¹⁴⁸ Charges against Francisco Longoria (San Bernardino) and the St. Paul driver were dropped. U.S. citizen Carlos Jimenez was charged with assault after being shot in the shoulder. Tiago Sousa-Martins pleaded guilty to ramming government property. In his Glen Burnie case, DHS changed its description of the shooting after county police contradicted its first account.¹³⁶,¹⁴³,¹⁴⁰,¹⁴⁴ Jimenez’s charge was dismissed with prejudice on Nov 2, 2026, after he completed a pretrial diversion agreement. Under such a deal, a charge is dropped if the person meets certain conditions. The dismissal made no finding on whether officers used excessive force.²⁵³ On Nov 6 Jimenez sued the federal government and the officers involved for more than $25 million.²⁵⁴ Streamer Carlitos Ricardo Parias, who filmed ICE, was shot during an attempted arrest in South Los Angeles (Oct 21). Acting U.S. Attorney Bill Essayli said “an agent opened fire,” and the indictment against Parias was dropped.¹³⁸ On Dec 31 an off-duty ICE agent killed Keith Porter in Los Angeles. DHS said Porter fired at the agent, but eyewitnesses disputed that account. Police sent their findings to the district attorney by Jul 1, 2026.⁴³,¹¹⁴ In July 2026 an ICE officer killed Lorenzo Salgado Araujo in Houston. DHS said he “resembled the target,” and the medical examiner ruled the death a homicide. Another ICE officer shot Johan Sebastián Durán Guerrero in Biddeford, Maine, during a stop over a warrant for someone else (per Sen. King’s office). “The vehicle attempted to flee the scene,” an ICE spokesperson said. The family’s attorney said “driving off is not a legal basis or justified basis for the use of lethal force.”⁴⁴,⁴⁵ DHS paused most vehicle stops on Jul 14, and Trump reversed the pause the next day.²⁴⁷,²⁴⁸ ICE officers shot Venezuelan DoorDash driver Wilber Garcés Pérez in the back in Austin (Sept 20). In Marble Hill, Manhattan, ICE officers fired seven rounds into a car carrying a 5-year-old (Oct 8). Both men survived.¹⁴⁹,⁴⁶,¹¹⁶ The ledger’s count of 47 also includes Border Patrol shootings at or near the border. It also includes Memphis task-force shootings by agents from outside DHS. Among them are killings by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents serving warrants on May 13 and Jul 8, 2026.⁹²,¹⁴²,¹⁴⁶,²⁴²,⁹³,¹⁹⁷,¹⁹⁸ A Honduran man running from an ICE stop in Norfolk, Va., was killed by a pickup truck on Oct 23, 2025. DHS blamed critics’ “misinformation.”¹⁵⁰

In Southern California, agents held people at gunpoint in 2025 incidents that led to lawsuits or police inquiries. This is according to The Trace’s summaries of local reports. On Jun 11 in Boyle Heights, unmarked vehicles rammed U.S. citizen Christian Cerna’s car, and agents arrested him at gunpoint. On Jun 19 in Pasadena, a plainclothes agent drew a gun on a man photographing his license plate. On Aug 11 in Arleta, agents detained a 15-year-old with speech and hearing disabilities at gunpoint. They had mistaken him for an MS-13 recruit. They handcuffed him outside his high school while arresting another man.¹²⁸,¹⁸⁷,¹⁸⁸,¹⁸⁹ Three people lost an eye to projectiles at protests in Santa Ana (Jan 9, 2026) and Los Angeles (Mar 28). The last of them was USC student Tucker Collins, hit while filming DHS agents near the Metropolitan Detention Center.¹²⁹,²⁰⁶ About 200 officers raided a Latino horse-racing event in Wilder, Idaho (Oct 19, 2025). They held about 400 spectators for four hours. They cited a sealed search warrant in an investigation of unlicensed betting. The federal court had issued arrest warrants for five people. On Feb 10, 2026 the ACLU filed the Rodriguez v. Porter class complaint against ICE, the FBI and Idaho state and local officials.¹³⁰,¹⁹⁴ ProPublica identified 30 individual U.S. citizens among those held. Witnesses estimated more than 200 citizens. Idaho officials said more than 480 people were held and processed. DHS spokesperson Tricia McLaughlin said, “ICE didn’t zip tie, restrain, or arrest any children.”¹⁸⁶ An ICE officer was filmed shoving a woman to the floor at 26 Federal Plaza. DHS removed him while it investigated, but he was back on duty three days later.¹³¹,²¹⁸ An off-duty DHS employee was arrested in Temecula, Calif., for allegedly holding a 17-year-old at gunpoint (Nov 10).¹³³ In Maine, observers filed a class action on Feb 23, 2026. They say agents told them they were “domestic terrorists,” captured their faces and license plates, and logged them in a “database.” “There is NO database of ‘domestic terrorists’ run by DHS,” DHS said. The suit seeks to stop the collection and erase the records.¹⁵⁹ At a Mar 16 hearing, DOJ lawyer Stephen Tagert said the agents who threatened plaintiff Elinor Hilton had been reprimanded. He said her information was not found in databases that lower-level agents can use. He also said biometric data “may be on a phone somewhere.” On Mar 23, Judge John Woodcock denied a temporary restraining order, a short-term order that stops something while a judge looks at the case. He cited “the dearth of evidence at this stage,” and the case moved to discovery, the stage where each side gathers evidence. The plaintiffs then amended their complaint on Apr 27.¹⁶⁵,¹⁵⁹ Records unsealed in October show that an HSI officer added eight Maine residents to a DHS database in January; the plaintiffs say six of them were observers. The plaintiffs then asked for a preliminary injunction to stop retaliation. DHS denies wrongdoing and denies running a database of domestic terrorists.²⁵⁸ Woodland, Calif., police opened a criminal investigation after video contradicted a DHS statement. DHS had said an observer hit by an ICE SUV “jumped onto the hood” (October 2026).¹³² On Oct 30, 2026 a Harris County grand jury indicted ICE officer Mario Alberto Morales for aggravated assault. He is accused of running down Miguel Parra-Hernández with a Jeep. Body-camera video records him saying “I was coming and I hit him with the car,” and U.S. Attorney Aaron Reitz called the case a “political prosecution.”¹¹²

Investigations and the federal response

California officials said agents who broke state law could be arrested. On Oct 23, 2025, Blanche wrote that doing so would be “illegal and futile.” He also posted “Stand down or face prosecution.” The next day Stephen Miller told ICE officers “you have federal immunity in the conduct of your duties,” a claim PolitiFact rated Mostly False.⁹⁵,²³¹ California opened a website for reports of misconduct by federal agents on Dec 3.⁹⁶ On Feb 5, 2026 the DHS inspector general, an independent watchdog inside the department, listed an ongoing audit of how ICE investigates excessive force. No start date appears in the published record.⁹⁷ On Mar 2 Inspector General Joseph Cuffari told Congress DHS had “systematically obstructed” his office. NBC News reported on Apr 10 that about 85% of the office’s audits were paused during the DHS funding lapse. The paused audits included the excessive-force reviews.⁹⁷,²⁰⁴,²⁰⁵

On Mar 2, 2026 Moriarty’s office opened criminal reviews of 17 Metro Surge incidents. One was Bovino’s Jan 21 use of a chemical agent on a crowd near Mueller Park²⁰⁸. DHS replied that federal officials “are immune from liability under state law.”⁹⁸ Two reviews led to charges. ICE agent Gregory Morgan Jr. was charged for allegedly pointing a gun at two drivers (Apr 16). Christian Castro, who shot Sosa-Celis, was charged too (May 18).¹⁰⁸,⁶¹ Morgan asked to move his case to federal court, claiming Supremacy Clause immunity. The Supremacy Clause makes federal law the highest law of the land. Federal officers can claim it shields them from state charges for doing their federal jobs. A DOJ attorney took part in the hearing. Castro was indicted in federal court on six counts of making false statements on Sept 4, and in late October he made the same request.¹⁰⁸,¹¹¹,¹¹⁰ In Ramsey County, County Attorney John Choi and Sheriff Bob Fletcher opened a criminal investigation of the Thao arrest on Apr 13, 2026, naming kidnapping, burglary and false imprisonment. Choi and Fletcher said they would pursue the information they need from DHS. An ICE section chief told a county investigator he was “not authorized to share” information. On Jul 15 the county sued DHS to overturn what it calls an “unlawful policy of noncooperation.”¹⁸³,¹⁸⁴

Pritzker created the Illinois commission by order, and it has no power to issue subpoenas. On Apr 30, 2026 it approved a 204-page report. The report found that “most of the implicated agents lied about their conduct in official reports.” It named 16 agents. It referred incidents to two county prosecutors and four police departments.⁹⁹ On Mar 12 more than 400 community leaders and elected officials asked a Cook County court to appoint a special prosecutor for Midway Blitz abuses²⁰⁹. On May 21, Judge Erica Reddick declined. She held that the State’s Attorney does not start investigations.¹⁰⁵ Off-duty ICE agent Adam Saracco pleaded guilty to misdemeanor battery on Aug 12, 2026. On Dec 27, 2025 he had thrown attorney Robert Held, who was filming him, to the ground at a Brookfield gas station.¹⁰⁶,²⁰³ ProPublica and FRONTLINE reported on Apr 14, 2026 on about 300 protesters and bystanders arrested by federal agents in Los Angeles, Chicago and Minneapolis. All were accused of assault or interference. For more than a third, the charges were dismissed, declined or lost at trial. In Chicago, charges were dropped in at least 75 of 109 arrests. U.S. Attorney Boutros said the dismissals reflect a “willingness to be open-minded.”¹⁸⁵

On Mar 24, 2026 Attorney General Keith Ellison, Moriarty and Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) Superintendent Drew Evans sued DOJ, DHS, Bondi and Noem in federal court in D.C. They want evidence on the Good, Pretti and Sosa-Celis shootings. They seek Good’s car, which the complaint says sits unexamined in an FBI facility in Brooklyn Center, and evidence from her scene. They also seek access to the Pretti scene, and interviews with the agents involved and their names.¹⁶⁶ The complaint says DOJ never answered the county’s Touhy requests for the evidence. Those are formal requests made under an agency’s own rules for getting its records or testimony, named for the Supreme Court case United States ex rel. Touhy v. Ragen. The complaint says DHS sent the Good request on to DOJ and left the other two unanswered. It says DHS eventually responded that the Touhy regulations “do not apply.” The complaint makes three claims. First, it says the refusals are arbitrary and capricious, meaning not reasonably explained, under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). That is the law that sets the rules agencies must follow. Second, it says the refusals amount to agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed. Third, it says they violate the Tenth Amendment, which keeps for the states the powers the Constitution does not give the federal government.¹⁶⁶ “Hiding evidence and obstructing our investigation is unacceptable,” Moriarty said. DHS said the shootings remain under review.¹⁶⁶ Under a late-June agreement, the U.S. Attorney’s Office then handed over Good’s car, the gun used to shoot her, body-camera footage and officer statements.¹⁰⁹

On Sept 10, 2026 U.S. Attorney Daniel Rosen told Moriarty that sharing of Good and Pretti evidence would stop “indefinitely,” citing “challenges with D.C.” Still withheld are the guns fired at Pretti, one shooter’s statement and the phone of the agent who shot Good.¹⁰⁹ In the D.C. suit, DOJ argues that it need not share evidence when there are no state proceedings. Both sides have dispositive motions pending, meaning requests to decide the case without a trial (Oct 27).¹² State and local prosecutors are investigating the Houston, Biddeford, Austin and Marble Hill shootings. Harris County’s district attorney says federal agencies will not cooperate.¹¹⁵,⁴⁵,²⁴⁹,¹⁴⁹,¹¹⁶

States also created ways to sue federal officers for money damages. On Dec 22, 2025 DOJ sued Pritzker and Illinois Attorney General Kwame Raoul over two state laws. One is the Illinois Bivens Act, which creates a right under state law to sue federal immigration officers for damages. The other is a state law on courthouse arrests. Assistant Attorney General Brett Shumate called them “unconstitutional state laws,” and Illinois asked the court to dismiss the case. Per search summaries, Judge David Dugan (S.D. Ill.) denied that motion in about August 2026.¹⁷⁴ California’s SB 747, the “No Kings Act,” was signed by Newsom. It was announced Sept 29, 2026, and it lets people sue ICE, Border Patrol and other federal officers for violating their constitutional rights. It reaches back to cover acts since Mar 1, 2025. By Oct 2 three Californians had sued under it, among them citizens Javier Ramirez and Angel Piña.¹⁷³,¹⁷²

On Apr 29, 2026 DOJ sued New Jersey, Gov. Mikie Sherrill and Attorney General Jennifer Davenport. It wants to block a law Sherrill signed in March. The law bars officers, federal agents included, from wearing masks and requires them to show identification. DOJ called the law an “unconstitutional attempt to regulate federal law enforcement officers” and said federal officers will not comply. Davenport said “the federal government still cannot explain when its officials need to mask or forgo identification.”¹⁶⁰

Warrantless and courthouse arrests

Early in 2025 ICE and the immigration courts dropped earlier limits on enforcement at courthouses. Masked agents arrested people as they left hearings. Often this came after DOJ asked the court to dismiss their cases so they could be put in expedited removal.⁶⁹ On Dec 2, 2025 Judge Beryl Howell (D.D.C.) barred some of ICE’s arrests without warrants, which began with the August 2025 surge in D.C. Her injunction covers arrests made “without probable cause to believe that the arrestee is likely to escape” before a warrant can be obtained. That is the standard a federal law, 8 U.S.C. § 1357(a)(2), requires. On May 7, 2026 she found that a Jan 28 nationwide memo from acting ICE Director Todd Lyons violated the injunction. The memo had narrowed “likely to escape” to mean leaving the scene.⁶⁸,¹⁹⁹,²⁰⁰ On May 12 Judge R. Brooke Jackson (D. Colo.) made a similar finding. He found ICE had “materially violated” his own injunction on arrests without warrants. He also found the memo made the standard a “nullity.” That means it had no effect.¹⁵¹

Judge P. Casey Pitts (N.D. Cal.) had paused the courthouse-arrest policies for ICE’s San Francisco area on Dec 24, 2025. On Jun 23, 2026 he granted final class certification and partial summary judgment, a ruling without a trial, on the Administrative Procedure Act claims. He cancelled the policies nationwide, finding “a complete lack of decisionmaking.”⁶⁹,²⁰¹ On Sept 30, 2026 Judge P. Kevin Castel (S.D.N.Y.) held that the “ICE Courthouse Arrest policy” was arbitrary and capricious. He barred civil enforcement in or near immigration courts nationwide, except in limited circumstances.⁶⁹,²⁰² On Oct 26, 2026 Magistrate Judge J. Maureen Kelly (W.D. Pa.) held three officials in civil contempt, a finding that they disobeyed a court order. They were Attorney General Blanche, DHS Secretary Markwayne Mullin and ICE field-office director John Rife. The case involved an arrest made despite an order to release the person. On Nov 2 Judge Mustafa Kasubhai (D. Or.) found that ICE had kept making undocumented warrantless arrests in violation of his February order.⁷⁰,²⁵¹

Key dates

• 2025-01-20 — EO 14159 interior-enforcement order — → ledger
• 2025-06-07 — Los Angeles Guard federalized under § 12406 — → ledger
• 2025-09-08 — Noem v. Vasquez Perdomo stay — → ledger
• 2025-09-08 — Operation Midway Blitz launched — → ledger
• 2025-09-12 — Silverio Villegas González killed — → ledger
• 2025-10-04 — Marimar Martinez shot — → ledger
• 2025-10-09 — Judge Ellis TRO limits force in Chicago — → ledger
• 2025-10-23 — Blanche “illegal and futile” letter — → ledger
• 2025-10-24 — Miller tells ICE officers they “have federal immunity” — → ledger
• 2025-11-06 — Ellis injunction: force “shocks the conscience”; Bovino “admitted that he lied” — → ledger
• 2025-12-02 — Howell enjoins D.C. warrantless arrests — → ledger
• 2025-12-04 — DHS reports Operation Metro Surge arrests — → ledger
• 2026-01-07 — Renée Good killed — → ledger
• 2026-01-24 — Alex Pretti killed — → ledger
• 2026-01-30 — Blanche announces civil-rights probe of Pretti shooting — → ledger
• 2026-02-12 — Metro Surge ends — → ledger
• 2026-04-30 — Illinois Accountability Commission final report and referrals — → ledger
• 2026-05-18 — Hennepin County charges Castro — → ledger
• 2026-06-23 — Pitts vacates ICE’s courthouse-arrest policies nationwide — → ledger
• 2026-07-10 — Vera’s narrower injunction protects people recording DHS operations in seven Southern California counties — → ledger
• 2026-09-10 to 10-15 — DOJ stops sharing Good and Pretti evidence — → ledger
• 2026-09-30 — Castel bars courthouse arrests nationwide — → ledger
• 2026-10-30 — Harris County indicts ICE officer Mario Alberto Morales — → ledger

Why it matters

Fourth Amendment and 18 U.S.C. §242 (deadly force). The Fourth Amendment governs force that officers use when they seize, or stop and hold, a person. In Tennessee v. Garner (1985)⁸¹, the Supreme Court limited deadly force against a person who is running away. Graham v. Connor (1989)⁸² set an objective-reasonableness test, which asks whether the force was reasonable from the view of an officer on the scene. Federal officers can face criminal charges for such force under 18 U.S.C. §242⁸³. None of The Trace’s 32 shootings has led to a §242 charge. The Minnesota prosecutor on the Castro case told victims’ lawyers that senior officials blocked civil-rights counts.⁹¹,⁴⁹,²⁵⁰ The administration’s stated accounts were that the person shot was the attacker. For Good, Trump said she “viciously ran over the ICE Officer”; for Villegas González, DHS said he dragged an agent.⁶,²¹ Counts differ by source and time period. From September 2025 to February 2026, NBC counted 14 people shot. ABC News counted at least 21 shot, 8 fatally, by Sept 24, 2026, and The Trace, which calls its dataset “certainly an undercount,” counted 32 incidents.⁵⁰,⁹¹

Supremacy Clause immunity (Art. VI cl. 2) and federal-officer removal (28 U.S.C. §1442). When a state charges a federal officer, the officer can claim Supremacy Clause immunity⁸⁴. Under In re Neagle (1890)¹⁵⁵, that immunity covers acts that federal law authorizes and that are “necessary and proper” to the officer’s duties. A federal court decides the question after the case is moved there under 28 U.S.C. §1442¹⁵⁶, a law that lets federal officers move state cases against them into federal court. The Morgan and Castro cases are testing this, and Miller and Blanche have stated the administration’s position.¹⁰⁸,¹¹⁰,⁶¹,⁹⁵,²³¹ A prosecution coming out of Ramsey County’s investigation of the Thao arrest would face the same questions about removal and immunity. The county’s Jul 15, 2026 suit challenges DHS’s refusal to cooperate with the investigation.¹⁸³,¹⁸⁴ DOJ says it need not share evidence with Minnesota when there are no state proceedings. It also says the pace of the Pretti probe is normal.¹² Access to evidence is the recurring dispute. Minnesota sued for it on Mar 24, 2026 and received some under a late-June agreement before the Sept 10 cut-off. Harris County’s district attorney testified that DHS would not name the Houston shooter. A Los Angeles judge held DHS in contempt, at $500 a day, for failing to copy agents’ personal phones as ordered.³⁵,⁴⁷,¹¹⁹,¹⁰⁹,²⁴⁹,⁴⁸,¹⁵⁴

Touhy regulations and APA review (United States ex rel. Touhy v. Ragen, 1951; 5 U.S.C. §706). In Touhy¹⁶⁷, the Supreme Court upheld a Justice Department rule. The rule let the Attorney General make the central decision on whether to hand over department records that had been subpoenaed. Agencies now have “Touhy regulations” that govern demands for their records and for their employees’ testimony. A refusal under these rules can be reviewed in court as agency action under the APA. The APA directs courts to “compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed.” It also directs them to set aside action that is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” (5 U.S.C. §706¹⁶⁸).¹⁶⁶ The question in Minnesota’s Mar 24, 2026 suit is whether DOJ and DHS may refuse a state’s requests for evidence on shootings by federal agents. The plaintiffs say “DOJ has not identified any lawful basis that would justify their refusal to share evidence” and add a Tenth Amendment⁸⁷ claim. DOJ argues it need not share evidence when there are no state proceedings.¹⁶⁶,¹² No ruling has been issued, and both sides’ dispositive motions are pending.¹²

Federal Tort Claims Act and Egbert v. Boule (damages). In Egbert v. Boule (2022)¹⁵⁷, the Supreme Court held that the Constitution does not imply a right to sue a Border Patrol agent personally for money over excessive force. That leaves FTCA claims against the United States as the main way to seek money damages. Retes, Marimar Martinez, Rahman, Aceituno and the Villegas González family have filed them.¹²⁷,¹¹⁷,¹²³,¹³⁴,¹¹⁸,²⁰⁷ Illinois’s Bivens Act and California’s No Kings Act test whether a state may supply the right to sue that Egbert largely closed under federal law. DOJ’s suit against Illinois calls the state law unconstitutional. The objections in play are the Supremacy Clause⁸⁴ and intergovernmental immunity (see the last paragraph).¹⁷⁴,¹⁷³ Illinois’s motion to dismiss was reportedly denied in about August 2026, and no ruling on the main questions about either law has been reported.¹⁷⁴

Fourth Amendment: stops and home entry (Brignoni-Ponce; Payton). United States v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)⁸⁵ addresses when apparent ancestry may be a factor in immigration stops. The Sept 8, 2025 stay in Vasquez Perdomo let roving-patrol stops start again in Southern California while the appeal goes on.¹⁹ Justice Kavanaugh wrote a concurrence, a separate opinion agreeing with the stay. In it he said that officers who learn the person stopped is a citizen “promptly let the individual go,” and Justice Sotomayor’s dissent answered him. Citing two citizen plaintiffs, she wrote “That blinks reality” (see Detention and Deaths in Custody).⁷⁵ An internal ICE memo from May 2025 claimed that officers may force their way into homes with an administrative warrant signed by ICE itself (I-205). Payton requires a judicial warrant, which a judge signs. Judge Jeffrey Bryan ruled that one Jan 11, 2026 entry was an unconstitutional search without a warrant.¹⁴,²³⁸ Citizens have sued over such entries: Jeyli Salguero in Oakdale, Minn., and four siblings in Donna, Texas. In both cases DHS asked the courts to dismiss, telling them it had “paused” the policy.¹⁴

First Amendment (force against protesters, press and observers). District judges in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis and Portland set limits on force. Appeals courts paused or cancelled each one, mostly as too broad (Seventh Circuit, Nov 19, 2025; Eighth Circuit, Jan 26, 2026; Ninth Circuit, Mar 25, Apr 1 and Apr 27, 2026). The Ninth Circuit held that journalists, observers and protesters were likely to win their First Amendment retaliation claims.²⁶,²⁷,¹²²,¹²⁵,²⁴⁵,²⁴⁶,⁶⁶,²¹⁰ The Seventh Circuit later cancelled Ellis’s injunction under United States v. Munsingwear, Inc. (1950)¹⁶⁴. In that case the Supreme Court described its practice when a civil case becomes moot while on appeal: “to reverse or vacate the judgment below and remand with a direction to dismiss.” The majority found “extraordinary circumstances” for vacatur. Judge Easterbrook, dissenting, would have dismissed the appeal without cancelling the injunction (see Chicago above).¹⁶³ In Eugene, Judge Aiken found DHS’s federal-building noise rule likely void for vagueness, meaning too unclear to enforce.¹⁶⁹ Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972)¹⁷⁰ requires that a law give “the person of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to know what is prohibited.” It also requires that a law “provide explicit standards for those who apply them,” though Grayned itself upheld the antinoise ordinance it reviewed. The sidewalks are a traditional public forum, a place long open to public speech. There, limits that do not depend on what is said must be narrowly tailored, meaning no broader than needed.¹⁶⁹ The Maine observers claim First Amendment retaliation and say their recording of officers was chilled, meaning discouraged. Tom Homan had said he wanted a database of people who impede ICE. Lyons told Congress “there is no database that’s tracking United States citizens.”¹⁵⁹

8 U.S.C. § 1357(a)(2) (warrantless arrests). This law lets immigration officers arrest someone without a warrant only if they have reason to believe the person is likely to escape before a warrant can be obtained. Judges in D.C., Colorado, Chicago and Oregon found ICE in violation of that standard or of orders applying it. Two courts set aside ICE’s courthouse-arrest policies.⁶⁸,¹⁵¹,⁶⁷,²⁵¹,⁶⁹

10 U.S.C. § 12406, Posse Comitatus Act and Tenth Amendment (troop deployments). 10 U.S.C. § 12406 allows the President to put the Guard under federal control for an invasion, a rebellion, or when the laws cannot be carried out with regular forces. The Posse Comitatus Act, 18 U.S.C. §1385⁸⁶, bars using the military for ordinary police work inside the United States. The Insurrection Act (10 U.S.C. §§251–255) was raised but not invoked.¹,³⁸ Judge Charles Breyer found that the Los Angeles deployment violated the Posse Comitatus Act (Sept 2, 2025). Judge Perry and the Seventh Circuit blocked Chicago’s deployment, and the Supreme Court denied a stay (Dec 23, 2025). Judge Immergut held that “the President did not have a lawful basis to federalize the National Guard.” She also held that the federalization violated the Tenth Amendment⁸⁷ (Nov 7, 2025).⁵⁸,²⁴,²²⁹,²⁵,³⁰

First Amendment, FACE Act (18 U.S.C. §248) and 18 U.S.C. §241 (prosecutions connected to the operations). The First Amendment protects gathering news and protesting. Journalists Don Lemon and Georgia Fort were charged after a church protest. The charges were under the FACE Act⁸⁸ and 18 U.S.C. §241⁸⁹. The FACE Act protects access to clinics and houses of worship. The other law makes it a crime to conspire against people’s rights. A magistrate judge had at first declined to approve the charges against Lemon (see FCC Actions and Press Access).⁵¹,²³⁹ Charges against Huerta and the Broadview protesters were dropped or dismissed. Judge Schiltz quashed DOJ’s subpoenas to Minnesota officials. DOJ also charged 15 activists with conspiracy to impede federal agents (see Prosecutions and Investigations of Trump Critics and Justice Department and FBI Personnel Changes).¹²⁶,¹⁰⁷,¹²¹,⁵² Bondi’s demand for voter rolls is covered in Federal Actions on Election Administration. After the killings, Democrats demanded judicial warrants, a mask ban, visible ID and body cameras. Those demands led to the Jan 31–Feb 3 partial shutdown, when funding for part of the government lapsed (see Shutdowns, Rescissions and Impoundment Findings).⁴¹,⁵³,²⁴³

Intergovernmental immunity (Supremacy Clause). DOJ’s suit against New Jersey’s mask-and-ID law relies on intergovernmental immunity. This rule comes from the Supremacy Clause. It bars states from regulating the federal government directly or discriminating against it (North Dakota v. United States, 1990¹⁶¹; United States v. Washington, 2022¹⁶²). New Jersey’s answer is that its law applies to all officers.¹⁶⁰

Outcome

Where things stand

As of November 2026 the large city operations have wound down, and the officials who led them have left. Bovino lost his commander-at-large title. CBP placed him under internal investigation, and he retired in March.¹³,²⁴⁰ Noem was fired Mar 5. News reports cited the two Minneapolis deaths among the reasons.⁵⁵ Border Patrol Chief Michael Banks resigned May 14.⁵⁶ The Congressional Budget Office put the cost of the 2025 deployments at $496M.⁶⁰

No agent has been charged over a killing. Of The Trace’s 32 shootings, Castro is the one shooter who has been charged. The killing of Ruben Ray Martinez is the one completed investigation, and it ended with no indictment.¹²,⁹¹,¹¹³ Good’s family sued Ross, Noem, Miller, Homan, Lyons and Bovino on Oct 1.⁶² Most court limits on force against protesters were cancelled, ended or paused, but a narrower Los Angeles-area injunction protecting journalists and observers took effect Jul 10, 2026.²⁵⁷ Limits on arrests without warrants and at courthouses remain. Blanche, Mullin and Rife were held in civil contempt Oct 26 and ordered to pay fees.⁶⁶,¹²²,²⁴⁵,²⁴⁶,⁷⁰ Minnesota’s D.C. suit for the Good, Pretti and Sosa-Celis evidence awaits rulings on dispositive motions. The Seventh Circuit’s Mar 5 vacatur left Ellis’s Chicago findings unreviewed. A preliminary injunction bars enforcement of DHS’s noise rule on the sidewalks of the Eugene Federal Building.¹²,¹⁶³,¹⁶⁹ ProPublica counts 127 U.S. citizens detained in Illinois, 101 in California, 78 in Minnesota and 41 in Oregon. DOJ’s suit against the Illinois Bivens Act and the first suits under California’s No Kings Act are pending. Ramsey County is suing DHS over its refusal to cooperate with the Thao investigation.¹⁷⁵,¹⁷¹,¹⁷⁸,¹⁷⁶,¹⁷⁴,¹⁷²,¹⁸⁴

Status

Gaps: results of the Pretti probe and the Illinois State Police investigation; rulings on Morgan’s and Castro’s requests to move their cases; Hennepin County’s decision on Ross; a ruling on the main question about the Illinois Bivens Act.

Who is affected

The operations reach noncitizens arrested in city sweeps. In the counts that exist, most had no criminal record. They also reach the U.S. citizens, protesters, observers and bystanders whom agents shot, detained or used force against.¹⁵,¹⁶,³³,⁹¹,⁹⁹ They reach people charged after run-ins with agents whose cases were later dismissed. They reach people who filed claims for money under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), and people arrested at immigration courts or without warrants. They reach state and county investigators who were denied federal evidence on the shootings.²²,¹⁵⁸,¹²⁷,⁶⁹,⁶⁸,¹⁰⁹ Federal taxpayers paid for the 2025 Guard deployments.⁶⁰

• People shot by immigration agents (shootings, Pending) — The Trace lists 32 incidents from Mar 15, 2025 to Oct 8, 2026 in which immigration agents fired at people away from the border. Those shootings killed 9 and wounded 15, and The Trace calls its dataset “certainly an undercount.” ABC News counted at least 21 shot, 8 fatally, by Sept 24, 2026. No killing has led to a charge.⁹¹,⁵⁰,¹²
• Renée Good and Alex Pretti (Good and Pretti killings, Pending) — Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agent Jonathan Ross killed Good on Jan 7, 2026. Trump said she “viciously ran over the ICE Officer” and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) called the shooting self-defense. But bystander video and Ross’s phone video show her backing up briefly, then turning away as he fired.⁶ A Border Patrol agent and a CBP officer killed Pretti on Jan 24. It happened about a second after an agent removed his lawfully carried handgun, according to video verified by four outlets. KPBS attributes to Border Patrol commander Gregory Bovino the statement that Pretti sought to “massacre” law enforcement.⁷,⁴⁰,¹²⁰
• People arrested in Minneapolis (Operation Metro Surge, Concluded) — Freedom of Information Act data showed 3,789 arrests during the surge (Dec 1, 2025 to Feb 12, 2026). The surge grew to about 3,000 officers. Fewer than a quarter of those arrested had a criminal conviction.⁵,¹⁵,³⁴,¹¹
• People arrested in Memphis (Memphis deployment, In force) — MLK50/ProPublica found that about 2% of the Memphis Safe Task Force’s 800-plus immigration arrestees were also arrested for violent crimes. NPR counts five task-force shootings, four of them fatal. All five were under Tennessee Bureau of Investigation review in July 2026.³²,³³,⁹³,⁹⁴
• People arrested in New Orleans (“Catahoula Crunch,” Unresolved) — The operation, which began Dec 3, 2025, had a reported target of 5,000 arrests and made about 560. The Associated Press found that fewer than one-third of records for the first 38 arrests showed a criminal history.⁴,¹⁶
• Charlotte residents and students (“Operation Charlotte’s Web,” Unresolved) — DHS reported 370-plus arrests in the week from Nov 15, 2025, and about 20% of Charlotte-Mecklenburg students stayed home on Nov 17.³,²³³,²³²
• Protesters, observers and bystanders in Chicago (Illinois commission referrals, Pending) — The Illinois Accountability Commission’s Apr 30, 2026 report found reasonable cause to believe agents used excessive force. It found that “most of the implicated agents lied about their conduct in official reports,” and it named 16 agents. It referred incidents to two county prosecutors and four police departments. No referral has led to a charge.⁹⁹,¹⁰¹,¹⁰²,¹⁰³,¹⁰⁴
• Protesters, press and observers elsewhere (force against protesters, press and observers, Blocked in part) — Three people lost an eye to projectiles at protests in Santa Ana (Jan 9, 2026) and Los Angeles (Mar 28). District-court limits on force in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis and Portland were cancelled, ended or paused on appeal.¹²⁹,²⁰⁶,¹⁶³,⁶⁶,²¹⁰,¹²²,²⁴⁵,²⁴⁶ In Los Angeles, Judge Vera issued a narrower injunction for seven Southern California counties on Jul 10, 2026.²⁵⁷
• Spectators at a Wilder, Idaho event (Oct 19, 2025 raid; American Civil Liberties Union suit, Unresolved) — About 200 officers held about 400 spectators for four hours. They cited a sealed search warrant in an investigation of unlicensed betting. The federal court had issued arrest warrants for five people.¹³⁰
• People charged after encounters with agents (prosecutions, Concluded by dismissal) — Charges against Marimar Martinez, whom a Border Patrol agent shot five times, were dismissed with prejudice Nov 20, 2025. Assault charges against Julio César Sosa-Celis and Alfredo Alejandro Aljorna were dismissed Feb 13, 2026. That came after acting ICE Director Todd Lyons said two officers had given “untruthful statements.” Charges against the remaining Broadview protesters were dismissed with prejudice May 21, 2026. ProPublica and FRONTLINE looked at about 300 protesters and bystanders accused of assault or interference. For more than a third, the charges were dismissed, declined or lost at trial.²²,¹⁵⁸,¹⁰⁷,¹⁹⁶,¹⁸⁵
• U.S. citizens detained in the city operations (citizen detentions, Unresolved) — ProPublica counts 127 citizens detained in Illinois, 101 in California, 78 in Minnesota and 41 in Oregon. In Operation Metro Surge, 131 citizens were arrested for “assaulting, obstructing or interfering,” ICE told members of Congress. During Midway Blitz, DHS said there were “no administrative arrests of U.S. citizens.”¹⁷⁵,¹⁷¹,¹⁷⁸,¹⁷⁶,¹⁷⁹,²²⁵
• U.S. citizens and families seeking damages (FTCA claims, Pending) — George Retes, Marimar Martinez, Aliya Rahman, Willy Aceituno ($1.25 million claim) and the Villegas González family have filed FTCA claims. Egbert v. Boule leaves FTCA claims against the United States as the main way to seek money damages. Javier Ramirez and Angel Piña have sued officers under California’s No Kings Act.¹²⁷,¹¹⁷,¹²³,²⁰⁷,¹³⁴,¹¹⁸,¹⁵⁷,¹⁷² Carlos Jimenez sued the federal government and the officers involved for more than $25 million (Nov 6, 2026).²⁵⁴
• People arrested without warrants (warrantless arrests in D.C., Colorado and Chicago, Blocked) — Judge Jeffrey Cummings found 22 Chicago arrests unlawful under the Castañon Nava consent decree (Oct 7, 2025). Judges Beryl Howell (May 7, 2026) and R. Brooke Jackson (May 12) found ICE had violated their injunctions on arrests without warrants.⁶⁷,⁶⁸,²⁰⁰,¹⁵¹
• People attending immigration court (courthouse arrests, Blocked) — Masked agents arrested people leaving hearings from early 2025. Judge P. Kevin Castel held the policy arbitrary and capricious. He barred civil enforcement in or near immigration courts nationwide except in limited circumstances (Sept 30, 2026).⁶⁹,²⁰²
• Minnesota and Hennepin County investigators (Minnesota evidence suit, Pending) — The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) cut off the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension’s access to evidence on Jan 8, 2026. On Sept 10, after a late-June handover, the Justice Department stopped sharing Good and Pretti evidence. The guns fired at Pretti, one shooter’s statement and the phone of the agent who shot Good are still withheld.³⁵,¹⁰⁹
• Federal taxpayers (2025 Guard deployments; Los Angeles, Chicago and Portland Blocked) — The Congressional Budget Office put the cost of the 2025 deployments at $496 million.⁶⁰

Key players

• Gregory Bovino — Border Patrol commander-at-large (2025 to January 2026) — led the Border Patrol operations; Judge Ellis said he “admitted that he lied.”¹³,²⁶
• Kristi Noem — DHS Secretary (until Mar 5, 2026) — oversaw the operations; fired Mar 5, 2026.⁵⁵
• Stephen Miller — senior White House adviser (2025–) — told Memphis officers they were “unleashed” and told ICE officers they “have federal immunity”; named in the Good lawsuit.⁶³,²³¹,⁶²
• Jonathan Ross, Charles Exum, Christian Castro — agents (October 2025 to January 2026) — shot Good, Martinez and Sosa-Celis.⁶,²²,⁶¹
• Gregory Morgan Jr., Mario Alberto Morales — ICE officers (charged April and October 2026) — charged by Hennepin County and indicted in Harris County.¹⁰⁸,¹¹²
• Sara Ellis, April Perry, Karin Immergut, Charles Breyer — federal judges (2025) — limited force and troops in Chicago, Portland and Los Angeles.²⁶,²⁴,³⁰,⁵⁷
• Pam Bondi / Todd Blanche — DOJ leaders (2025–26) — Bondi sent the Jan 24 letter demanding state data; Blanche wrote the “illegal and futile” letter, and DOJ under him declined to investigate Ross.⁴¹,⁹⁵,⁶⁴
• Daniel Rosen — U.S. Attorney, Minnesota (2026) — stopped sharing evidence with state investigators Sept 10, 2026.¹⁰⁹
• Mary Moriarty, Sean Teare — Hennepin and Harris County prosecutors (2026) — opened the Metro Surge reviews and charged Morgan and Castro; obtained the Morales indictment.⁹⁸,¹⁰⁸,¹¹²
• Rubén Castillo — chair, Illinois Accountability Commission (2025–26) — led the Midway Blitz investigation that produced the referrals.⁹⁹
• Joseph Cuffari — DHS inspector general — reported that DHS “systematically obstructed” his office (Mar 2, 2026).⁹⁷,²⁰⁴
• JB Pritzker, Tim Walz, Jacob Frey, Gavin Newsom — state and city officials (2025–26) — opposed the operations.

Chronology

• 2025-01-20 — EO 14159 interior-enforcement order — → ledger
• 2025-01-20 to 2026-11-02 — Shootings by agents at or near the border (pattern) — → ledger
• 2025-01-20 — National Law Enforcement Accountability Database decommissioned — → ledger
• 2025-01-20 — Border Patrol Agent David Maland and Ophelia Bauckholt killed in Coventry, Vt. — → ledger
• 2025-01-22 — David McKinney killed near Yuma after firing at a Marshals-led team — → ledger
• 2025-03-15 — Ruben Ray Martinez killed in Texas — → ledger
• 2025-06-06 — David Huerta detained and charged — → ledger
• 2025-06-07 — Los Angeles Guard federalized under § 12406 — → ledger
• 2025-06-08 — Pregnant U.S. citizen detained in Hawthorne; ProPublica counts 101 California citizens detained — → ledger
• 2025-06-09 — “BRING IN THE TROOPS”; Marines to Los Angeles — → ledger
• 2025-06-09 — Agents question Jason Gavidia at a Montebello tow yard and keep his REAL ID — → ledger
• 2025-06-11 — Agents ram Christian Cerna’s car and arrest him at gunpoint in Boyle Heights — → ledger
• 2025-06-12 — Javier Ramirez arrested at his family’s Montebello car lot and held four days — → ledger
• 2025-06-17 — Agents grab Adrian Martinez by the neck in Pico Rivera — → ledger
• 2025-06-19 — Plainclothes agent draws a gun on a man in Pasadena — → ledger
• 2025-06-20 — U.S. citizen held about 70 hours in Bell — → ledger
• 2025-06-24 — Andrea Velez detained in Los Angeles — → ledger
• 2025-07-07 — Attacker at McAllen CBP facility shot and killed — → ledger
• 2025-07-10 — Glass House raid; farmworker dies — → ledger
• 2025-07-21 — Agents tackle Angel Piña in Ontario, Calif. — → ledger
• 2025-07-31 — Black Forest, Colo. vehicle shooting — → ledger
• 2025-08-11 — 15-year-old detained at gunpoint outside Arleta high school — → ledger
• 2025-08-16 — Shots at Francisco Longoria’s car — → ledger
• 2025-09-02 — Breyer: Los Angeles deployment violated Posse Comitatus — → ledger
• 2025-09-06 — “Department of WAR” Chicago post — → ledger
• 2025-09-08 — Noem v. Vasquez Perdomo stay — → ledger
• 2025-09-08 — Operation Midway Blitz launched — → ledger
• 2025-09-09 — Agents knock down Rafie Shouhed in Van Nuys — → ledger
• 2025-09-10 — Los Angeles Press Club v. Noem injunction — → ledger
• 2025-09-12 — Silverio Villegas González killed — → ledger
• 2025-09-15 — Memphis Safe Task Force — → ledger
• 2025-09-16 — Noem leads Elgin home raid (Illinois commission) — → ledger
• 2025-09-25 — 26 Federal Plaza officer relieved of duty — → ledger
• 2025-09-27 — Trump directs Guard to “war ravaged” Portland — → ledger
• 2025-09-29 — 26 Federal Plaza officer returned to duty — → ledger
• 2025-10 — Memphis task-force shooting wounds an attempted-robbery suspect — → ledger
• 2025-10-02 — U.S. citizen detained at Portland worksite; ProPublica counts 41 Oregon citizens detained — → ledger
• 2025-10-03 — Ald. Jessie Fuentes handcuffed in Humboldt Park; ProPublica counts 127 Illinois citizens detained — → ledger
• 2025-10-03 — About a dozen protesters detained in Broadview’s free-speech zone — → ledger
• 2025-10-03 — Tear gas outside Funston Elementary (Logan Square) — → ledger
• 2025-10-04 — Marimar Martinez shot — → ledger
• 2025-10-04 — Trump authorizes Illinois and Texas Guard for Chicago — → ledger
• 2025-10-04 — Immergut TRO blocks Portland Guard deployment — → ledger
• 2025-10-05 — Immergut’s second TRO bars any Guard deployment to Portland — → ledger
• 2025-10-07 — Castañon Nava decree violations; decree extended — → ledger
• 2025-10-07 — Agents pepper-spray and hold four Forest Park cemetery workers — → ledger
• 2025-10-09 — Judge Ellis TRO limits force in Chicago — → ledger
• 2025-10-09 — Judge Perry blocks Chicago Guard deployment — → ledger
• 2025-10-10 — Dayanne Figueroa arrest (West Town) — → ledger
• 2025-10-14 — East Side pursuit and tear gas — → ledger
• 2025-10-16 — Seventh Circuit keeps Chicago Guard deployment blocked — → ledger
• 2025-10-17 — HSI agent fires at Phillip Brown (D.C.) — → ledger
• 2025-10-17 — Administration seeks Supreme Court relief for Chicago Guard deployment — → ledger
• 2025-10-19 — Wilder, Idaho raid — → ledger
• 2025-10-21 — Carlitos Ricardo Parias shot — → ledger
• 2025-10-23 — Blanche “illegal and futile” letter — → ledger
• 2025-10-23 — “Broadview Six” indicted — → ledger
• 2025-10-23 — Man killed fleeing ICE stop in Norfolk — → ledger
• 2025-10-23 — ICE and U.S. Marshals force entry to a Gary, Ind. home and hold three citizen children — → ledger
• 2025-10-24 — Lakeview tear gas; CBP agent: “Throw it for fun” — → ledger
• 2025-10-24 — Miller tells ICE officers they “have federal immunity” — → ledger
• 2025-10-25 — North Side tear gas after Ellis order — → ledger
• 2025-10-29 — José García-Sorto shot in Phoenix — → ledger
• 2025-10-30 — Carlos Jimenez shot in Ontario, Calif. — → ledger
• 2025-10-30 — Noem: “no American citizens” arrested or detained — → ledger
• 2025-10-31 — Evanston arrests — → ledger
• 2025-11-02 — Melrose Park arrest — → ledger
• 2025-11-05 — Broadview conditions order — → ledger
• 2025-11-06 — Ellis injunction: force “shocks the conscience”; Bovino “admitted that he lied” — → ledger
• 2025-11-07 — Portland deployment permanently barred — → ledger
• 2025-11-10 — Off-duty DHS employee arrested in Temecula — → ledger
• 2025-11-13 — HSI agent fires at Justin Bryant Nelson (D.C.) — → ledger
• 2025-11-13 — Cummings orders release of Midway Blitz detainees — → ledger
• 2025-11-15 — Operation Charlotte’s Web — → ledger
• 2025-11 — CBP agents handcuff Yoshi Cuenca Villamar in Charlotte — → ledger
• 2025-11-17 — About 20% of Charlotte-Mecklenburg students stay home — → ledger
• 2025-11-18 — Agents drive Cary 18-year-old Fernando Vasquez two miles and drop him off — → ledger
• 2025-11-19 — Seventh Circuit stays Ellis injunction as overbroad — → ledger
• 2025-11 (late) — DHS reports 370-plus arrests in Charlotte’s Web — → ledger
• 2025-11-21 — McMinnville 17-year-old detained, car window broken — → ledger
• 2025-11-25 — Colorado warrantless-arrest injunction; violation finding — → ledger
• 2025-12-02 — Somali “garbage” remark; surge framing — → ledger
• 2025-12-02 — Howell enjoins D.C. warrantless arrests — → ledger
• 2025-12-03 — New Orleans “Catahoula Crunch” — → ledger
• 2025-12-03 — California misconduct-reporting portal — → ledger
• 2025-12-04 — DHS reports Operation Metro Surge arrests — → ledger
• 2025-12-06 — Four U.S. citizens held in Burnsville home raid; ProPublica lists 78 Minnesota citizens detained — → ledger
• 2025-12-09 — Mubashir Hussen chased, choked and arrested in Cedar-Riverside — → ledger
• 2025-12-10 — Breyer orders end to Los Angeles deployment — → ledger
• 2025-12-11 — Isaias Sanchez Barboza killed near Rio Grande City — → ledger
• 2025-12-21 — ICE fires at SUV in St. Paul — → ledger
• 2025-12-22 — DOJ sues Illinois over its Bivens Act — → ledger
• 2025-12-23 — Trump v. Illinois stay denied — → ledger
• 2025-12-24 — Pitts stays courthouse-arrest policies for ICE’s San Francisco area — → ledger
• 2025-12-24 — Tiago Sousa-Martins shot in Glen Burnie — → ledger
• 2025-12-27 — Off-duty ICE agent Adam Saracco throws attorney Robert Held to the ground — → ledger
• 2025-12-31 — Keith Porter killed in Los Angeles — → ledger
• 2026-01-06 — Northern Command announces demobilization of remaining federalized Oregon troops — → ledger
• 2026-01-07 — Renée Good killed — → ledger
• 2026-01-08 — FBI cuts off state investigators; DOJ seeks to recast Good warrant — → ledger
• 2026-01-08 — Border Patrol shooting at Portland clinic — → ledger
• 2026-01-09 — Two Santa Ana protesters lose an eye to less-lethal rounds — → ledger
• 2026-01-11 — Agents use a battering ram to enter a Liberian man’s Minneapolis home — → ledger
• 2026-01-12 — Civil Rights Division declines to open a probe of Ross — → ledger
• 2026-01-13 — Thompson and other Minnesota prosecutors resign — → ledger
• 2026-01-13 — Aliya Rahman removed from her car — → ledger
• 2026-01-14 — Julio César Sosa-Celis shot; charges against him dismissed (Feb 13) — → ledger
• 2026-01-14 — Agents enter Jeyli Salguero’s Oakdale home without a judicial warrant — → ledger
• 2026-01-14 — Sophie Watso held more than 48 hours — → ledger
• 2026-01-15 — ACLU files Hussen v. Noem — → ledger
• 2026-01-15 — Insurrection Act raised; troops on standby — → ledger
• 2026-01-15 — Judge Bryan rules battering-ram entry an unconstitutional warrantless search — → ledger
• 2026-01-16 — Tincher v. Noem observer injunction; stayed, dissolved — → ledger
• 2026-01-18 — Cities Church protest — → ledger
• 2026-01-18 — Agents arrest ChongLy “Scott” Thao at home — → ledger
• 2026-01-18 — DOJ says it will not investigate Ross; Walz and Frey probe confirmed — → ledger
• 2026-01-21 — Maine “Catch of the Day” — → ledger
• 2026-01-21 — DHS agent fires in Willowbrook — → ledger
• 2026-01-21 — Bovino uses a chemical agent on protesters near Mueller Park — → ledger
• 2026-01-21 — AP reports ICE memo on home entry with administrative warrants — → ledger
• 2026-01-22 — Ellis dismisses Chicago Headline Club v. Noem at plaintiffs’ request — → ledger
• 2026-01-23 — Minnesota general strike — → ledger
• 2026-01-23 — Eighth Circuit panel declines to order Lemon warrants signed — → ledger
• 2026-01-24 — Alex Pretti killed — → ledger
• 2026-01-24 — Bondi letter to Walz — → ledger
• 2026-01-26 — Bovino sidelined; HSI leading Pretti shooting probe — → ledger
• 2026-01-27 — Border Patrol wounds Patrick Gary Schlegel in Arivaca, Ariz. — → ledger
• 2026-01-28 — Lyons memo narrows “likely to escape” standard — → ledger
• 2026-01-29 — DHS funding package fails 45–55 over ICE reforms — → ledger
• 2026-01-29 — Collins announces Maine surge has ended — → ledger
• 2026-01-29 — Salem union member pulled from her car — → ledger
• 2026-01-29 to 30 — Lemon, Fort and others arrested on FACE Act and § 241 charges — → ledger
• 2026-01-30 — Blanche announces civil-rights probe of Pretti shooting — → ledger
• 2026-01-30 — Senate passes DHS stopgap; partial shutdown Jan 31–Feb 3 — → ledger
• 2026-02 — NBC tally: 14 shot in six months — → ledger
• 2026-02-03 — Simon TRO limits tear gas and munitions at Portland ICE facility — → ledger
• 2026-02-03 — House passes funding bill; Trump signs — → ledger
• 2026-02-05 — DHS inspector general lists ICE excessive-force audit — → ledger
• 2026-02-10 — ACLU files Rodriguez v. Porter over the Wilder raid — → ledger
• 2026-02-10 — ICE agent shoots out vehicle tires in Roxbury, N.J. (DHS account) — → ledger
• 2026-02-12 — Metro Surge ends — → ledger
• 2026-02-17 — Ninth Circuit dismisses Portland Guard appeals at the government’s request — → ledger
• 2026-02-22 — Border Patrol agent wounds a man in Pittsburg, N.H. — → ledger
• 2026-02-23 — Maine observers’ class action over “domestic terrorist” database — → ledger
• 2026-02-24 — Charlotte arrest of Willy Aceituno; FTCA claim — → ledger
• 2026-03-02 — Aiken blocks DHS noise rule at the Eugene Federal Building — → ledger
• 2026-03-02 — Hennepin County opens reviews of 17 Metro Surge incidents — → ledger
• 2026-03-02 — Cuffari: DHS “systematically obstructed” his office — → ledger
• 2026-03-02 — CBP tells Bovino he is under internal investigation — → ledger
• 2026-03-04 — James Douglas McMillan killed by law enforcement after fleeing the Sierra Blanca checkpoint — → ledger
• 2026-03-05 — Noem fired — → ledger
• 2026-03-05 — Seventh Circuit vacates Ellis injunction as moot — → ledger
• 2026-03-06 — Judge Baggio bars gas reaching Gray’s Landing housing — → ledger
• 2026-03-09 — Hussen v. Noem injunction and class certification denied — → ledger
• 2026-03-12 — Petition for a Midway Blitz special prosecutor — → ledger
• 2026-03-24 — Minnesota, Hennepin County and the BCA sue DOJ and DHS for shooting evidence — → ledger
• 2026-03-25 — Ninth Circuit administratively stays Simon and Baggio tear-gas orders — → ledger
• 2026-03-28 — Tucker Collins loses an eye in Los Angeles — → ledger
• 2026-04-01 — Ninth Circuit vacates Los Angeles Press Club injunction; retaliation claims likely to succeed — → ledger
• 2026-04-07 — Carlos Iván Mendoza Hernández shot in Patterson — → ledger
• 2026-04-10 — DHS inspector general’s audits paused during funding lapse — → ledger
• 2026-04-13 — Ramsey County opens Thao investigation — → ledger
• 2026-04-14 — ProPublica/FRONTLINE: protest-arrest prosecutions — → ledger
• 2026-04-16 — Hennepin County charges ICE agent Gregory Morgan Jr. — → ledger
• 2026-04-16 — Aliya Rahman files FTCA claim — → ledger
• 2026-04-27 — Ninth Circuit panel stays Simon injunction as “grossly overbroad and unworkable” — → ledger
• 2026-04-29 — DOJ sues New Jersey over mask-and-ID law — → ledger
• 2026-04-29 — Prosecutors abandon “Broadview Six” indictment — → ledger
• 2026-04-30 — Illinois Accountability Commission final report and referrals — → ledger
• 2026-05-05 — Illinois opens Villegas González probe — → ledger
• 2026-05-05 — Seventh Circuit affirms Castañon Nava extension, reverses release order — → ledger
• 2026-05-07 — Howell: Lyons memo violates D.C. warrantless-arrest injunction — → ledger
• 2026-05-13 — DEA agents on the Memphis task force kill a man serving a warrant — → ledger
• 2026-05-14 — Border Patrol Chief Banks resigns — → ledger
• 2026-05-18 — Hennepin County charges Castro — → ledger
• 2026-05-20 — Jonah Neal killed by HSI agent in Memphis — → ledger
• 2026-05-21 — Cook County judge declines special prosecutor — → ledger
• 2026-05-21 — Broadview charges dismissed with prejudice — → ledger
• 2026-06-08 — Walz/Ellison referral; activists charged — → ledger
• 2026-06-15 — ICE agent fires at a car in Stafford Township, N.J. — → ledger
• 2026-06-16 — Border Patrol agent wounds a man in Blaine, Wash. — → ledger
• 2026-06-18 — Hussen v. Noem dismissed without prejudice at the plaintiffs’ request — → ledger
• 2026-06-23 — Pitts vacates ICE’s courthouse-arrest policies nationwide — → ledger
• 2026-06-25 — Vera certifies a class of people who record DHS operations (Los Angeles Press Club v. Noem) — → ledger
• 2026-07-05 — Memphis Guard shooting; state-court block reversed — → ledger
• 2026-07-07 — ICE officer kills Lorenzo Salgado Araujo in Houston — → ledger
• 2026-07-08 — DEA agents on the Memphis task force kill a man serving a warrant — → ledger
• 2026-07-10 — Border Patrol agents kill Kenneth Richard Sok in Blythe — → ledger
• 2026-07-10 — Vera issues a narrower injunction for seven Southern California counties — → ledger
• 2026-07-13 — Minnesota prosecutors obtain withheld Good and Pretti evidence — → ledger
• 2026-07-13 — ICE officer kills Johan Sebastián Durán Guerrero in Biddeford, Maine — → ledger
• 2026-07-14 — DHS memo suspends most vehicle stops — → ledger
• 2026-07-15 — Ramsey County sues DHS over noncooperation — → ledger
• 2026-07-15 — Trump reverses the vehicle-stop pause — → ledger
• 2026-07-24 — Harris County DA testifies DHS would not name the Houston shooter — → ledger
• 2026-07-28 — Judge Frimpong holds DHS in contempt over agents’ phone records — → ledger
• 2026-08 — ICE: 131 citizens arrested in Metro Surge — → ledger
• 2026-08-12 — Saracco pleads guilty to misdemeanor battery — → ledger
• 2026-09-01 — Prosecutor tells Sosa-Celis’s lawyers senior DOJ officials blocked civil-rights charges — → ledger
• 2026-09-03 — Prosecutor Matthew Evans fired — → ledger
• 2026-09-10 to 10-15 — DOJ stops sharing Good and Pretti evidence — → ledger
• 2026-09-20 — Wilber Garcés Pérez shot in Austin — → ledger
• 2026-09-29 — California No Kings Act — → ledger
• 2026-09-30 — Castel bars courthouse arrests nationwide — → ledger
• 2026-10-01 — Good family wrongful-death suits — → ledger
• 2026-10-02 — Citizens sue under No Kings Act — → ledger
• 2026-10-05 — Unsealed records show an HSI officer added Maine observers to a DHS database — → ledger
• 2026-10-08 — Marble Hill (Manhattan) ICE shooting — → ledger
• 2026-10-20 — Woodland observer struck by ICE SUV — → ledger
• 2026-10 (late) — Castro seeks removal on Supremacy Clause immunity — → ledger
• 2026-10-26 — Blanche, Mullin and Rife held in civil contempt in Pennsylvania — → ledger
• 2026-10-27 — Pretti probe: no findings as of Oct 27 — → ledger
• 2026-10-30 — Harris County indicts ICE officer Mario Alberto Morales — → ledger
• 2026-11-02 — Man found dead after shot fired in north Laredo Border Patrol incident — → ledger
• 2026-11-02 — Kasubhai finds ICE violated his Oregon warrantless-arrest order — → ledger
• 2026-11-02 — Carlos Jimenez’s assault charge dismissed with prejudice after diversion — → ledger
• 2026-11-02 — Shelby County DA releases video after Guard members fatally shot Tyrin Johnson in Memphis — → ledger
• 2026-11-04 — CBP officer shoots and wounds a driver at the San Ysidro port of entry — → ledger
• 2026-11-06 — Carlos Jimenez sues for more than $25 million — → ledger

• 2026-11-06 to 07 — Agents block White Memorial hospital’s emergency entrance in Boyle Heights — → ledger

• 2026-11-07 — ICE and HSI arrest three men in Dearborn without notifying local police — → ledger

Sources